NEBULA
NEBULA AI (NBAI) —
DECENTRALIZED AI BLOCKCHAIN
The blockchain technology provides a digital trust mechanism for human
beings which enhances the efficiency of value exchange and reduces costs, the
genuinely credible and efficient Internet of Value is approaching. In recent
years, many breakthroughs have been made in the field of artificial intelligence,
and artificial intelligence has now penetrated every corner of human society and
will become an essential cornerstone of change in human society.
Nebula AI is committed to building a decentralized artificial intelligence
computing blockchain (NBAI) that reduces the energy costs of traditional Proof
of Work by converting GPU mining machines into AI computing services.The
AI transactions recorded on NBAI will be irreversible. The distributed computing
network also ensures high concurrency and low latency computing power.
The conversion of GPU mining machines makes it possible to provide more
cost-effective artificial intelligence services.
Nebula AI will cooperate with large-scale third-party Internet data centers
to provide adequate computing power for AI computing. Nebula AI has
established an artificial intelligence training centre in Canada. System-based
quantitative finance, image identification and other blockchain applications are
also in development.
The well-developed NBAI ecosystem integrates the top-level applications
such as DAI App, scientific research and application, university education, and
the bottom-level of NBAI blockchain, Artificial Intelligence Mining Machine
and Artificial Intelligence Data Center. The innovative economic model of
NBAI ecosystem is the realization of a complete set of value-added economic
systems.
i
LEGAL DISCLAIMER
PLEASE READ THE FOLLOWING NOTICE CAREFULLY BEFORE
PROCEEDING TO READ THIS WHITEPAPER DOCUMENT ISSUED
BY NEBULA AI INC.. IF YOU ARE IN ANY DOUBT AS TO THE
ACTION YOU SHOULD TAKE, YOU SHOULD CONSULT YOUR LEGAL,
FINANCIAL, TAX OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL ADVISOR(S).
This document is a technical Whitepaper setting out the current and future developments
of NBAI Platform and NBAI Ecosystem by Nebula AI Inc. This paper
is for information purposes only and is not a statement of future intent. Unless expressly
specified otherwise, the products and innovations set out in this paper are
currently under development and are not currently in deployment. Nebula AI makes
no warranties or representations as to the successful development or implementation
of such technologies and innovations, or achievement of any other activities noted in
the paper, and disclaims any warranties implied by law or otherwise, to the extent
permitted by law. No person is entitled to rely on the contents of this paper or
any inferences drawn from it, including in relation to any interactions with Nebula
AI or the technologies mentioned in this paper. Nebula AI disclaims all liability for
any loss or damage of whatsoever kind (whether foreseeable or not) which may arise
from any person acting on any information and opinions relating to Nebula AI, the
NBAI Platform or the NBAI Ecosystem contained in this paper or any information
which is made available in connection with any further enquiries, notwithstanding
any negligence, default or lack of care.
The information contained in this publication is derived from data obtained from
sources believed by Nebula AI to be reliable and is given in good faith, but no warranties
or guarantees, representations are made by Nebula AI with regard to the
accuracy, completeness or suitability of the information presented. It should not be
relied upon, and shall not confer rights or remedies upon, you or any of your employees,
creditors, holders of securities or other equity holders or any other person. Any
opinions expressed reflect the current judgment of the authors of this paper and do
ii
not necessarily represent the opinion of Nebula AI. The opinions reflected herein may
change without notice and the opinions do not necessarily correspond to the opinions
of Nebula AI. Nebula AI does not have an obligation to amend, modify or update
this paper or to otherwise notify a reader or recipient thereof in the event that any
matter stated herein, or any opinion, projection, forecast or estimate set forth herein,
changes or subsequently becomes inaccurate.
Nebula AI, its directors, employees, contractors and representatives do not have
any responsibility or liability to any person or recipient (whether by reason of negligence,
negligent misstatement or otherwise) arising from any statement, opinion or
information, expressed or implied, arising out of, contained in or derived from or omission
from this paper. Neither Nebula AI nor its advisors has independently verified
any of the information, including the forecasts, prospects and projections contained
in this paper.
Each recipient is to rely solely on its own knowledge, investigation, judgment and
assessment of the matters which are the subject of this report and any information
which is made available in connection with any further enquiries and to satisfy itself
as to the accuracy and completeness of such matters.
Whilst every effort is made to ensure that statements of facts made in this paper
are accurate, all estimates, projections, forecasts, prospects, expressions of opinion
and other subjective judgments contained in this paper are based on assumptions considered
to be reasonable as of the date of the document in which they are contained
and must not be construed as a representation that the matters referred to therein
will occur. Any plans, projections or forecasts mentioned in this paper may not be
achieved due to multiple risk factors including without limitation defects in technology
developments, legal or regulatory exposure, market volatility, sector volatility,
corporate actions, or the unavailability of complete and accurate information.
Nebula AI may provide hyperlinks to websites of entities mentioned in this paper,
however the inclusion of a link does not imply that Nebula AI endorses, recommends
or approves any material on the linked page or accessible from it. Such linked websites
are accessed entirely at your own risk. Nebula AI does not accept responsibility
iii
whatsoever for any such material, nor for consequences of its use.
This paper is not directed to, or intended for distribution to or use by, any person
or entity who is a citizen or resident of or located in any state, country or other
jurisdiction where such distribution, publication, availability or use would be contrary
to law or regulation.
This paper is only available on www.nebula-ai.com and may not be redistributed,
reproduced or passed on to any other person or published, in part or in whole, for any
purpose, without the prior, written consent of Nebula AI. The manner of distributing
this paper may be restricted by law or regulation in certain countries. Persons into
whose possession this paper may come are required to inform themselves about and
to observe such restrictions. By accessing this paper, a recipient hereof agrees to be
bound by the foregoing limitations.
Prospective acquirers of NBAI tokens should carefully consider and evaluate all
risks and uncertainties associated with the cryptocurrencies, Nebula AI and their
respective businesses and operations and the NBAI tokens. Familiarize yourself with
all the information set out in this Whitepaper and Risk Notice prior to any purchase of
NBAI tokens. Ensure that you are aware of all of the would be risks prior to obtaining
NBAI. The Risk Statement details all potential risks that you should consider. We
recommend that you seek out independent financial advice before engaging in any
sort of business endeavor.
iv
RISK STATEMENT
No regulatory authority has examined or approved any of the information set
out in this Whitepaper. No such action has been or will be taken under the laws,
regulatory requirements or rules of any jurisdiction. The publication, distribution or
dissemination of this Whitepaper does not imply that the applicable laws, regulatory
requirements, or rules have been complied.
To the maximum extent permitted by the applicable laws, regulations and rules,
employees or agents will, in relation to the website and NBAI tokens, not be liable
for any damages of any kind, including, but not limited to, direct, consequential,
incidental, special or indirect damages (including but not limited to lost profits, loss
of revenue or third party loss whether foreseeable or otherwise, trading losses or
damages that result from use or loss of use of the website and NBAI Tokens).
For the avoidance of doubt, The Distributor expressly disclaims any and all responsibility
for any direct or consequential loss or damage of any kind whatsoever
arising directly or indirectly from:
(i) reliance on any information contained in this document,
(ii) any error, omission or inaccuracy in any such information,
(iii) any action resulting therefrom, or
(iv) usage or acquisition of products, available through the website.
You acknowledge and agree that you are not purchasing NBAI tokens for purposes
of investment, speculation, as some type of arbitrage strategy, for immediate resale
or other financial purposes.
Some of the statements in the Whitepaper which reflect the Distributor’s current
views with respect to roadmap and future plans, both with respect to the Distributor
and the sectors and industries in which the Distributor operates. Statements which
include the words “expects”, “plans”, “believes”, “projects”, “anticipates”, “will”,
“aims”, “may”, “would”, “could”, “continue” and similar statements are of a future or
forward-looking nature. All forward-looking statements address matters that involve
risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, there are or will be important factors that
could cause the Distributor’s actual results to differ materially from those indicated
v
in these statements. Any forward-looking statements in the Whitepaper reflect the
Distributor’s current views with respect to future events and are subject to these and
other risks, uncertainties and assumptions relating to the Distributor’s operations,
results of operations and growth strategy. These forward-looking statements speak
only as of the date of the Whitepaper. Prospective buyers of the NBAI tokens should
specifically consider the factors identified in the Whitepaper which could cause actual
results to differ before making a purchase decision. No statement in the Whitepaper is
intended as a profit forecast and no statement in the Whitepaper should be interpreted
to mean that the earnings of the Distributor for the current or future years would be
as may be implied in this Whitepaper.
vi
Contents
1 Technology and Industry Overview 1
1.1 The Internet of Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Blockchain Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 DApp and Artificial Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Market Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Existing Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 Project Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 NBAI Ecosystem 11
2.1 NBAI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1.1 Helix (PoW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.2 Orion (PoG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.3 Task Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1.4 Cross-Chain Service Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 AI Data Center and Mining Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.1 AI Data Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.2 AI Mining Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3 DAI App Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4 Higher Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.5 Nebula AI Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.5.1 AI Joint Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.5.2 AI Engineer Training Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3 NBAI Architecture Design 27
3.1 NBAI Logical architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2 NBAI System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.3 API/SDK Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4 NBAI Optimized Design 29
4.1 Data Security Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
vii
4.2 Distributed System Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5 NBAI Token NBAI 32
5.1 Token Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.1.1 Use Value of Tokens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.1.2 Token application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.1.3 User scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.2 DAI App Developer Profit model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.3 NBAI AI Application Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6 Roadmap 37
7 Collaboration Plan 37
8 ICO Plan 38
9 Core Team 39
9.1 R&D Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
9.2 Advisory Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
10 Conclusion 46
References 47
Appendix A Revision History 50
viii
1 Technology and Industry Overview
1.1 The Internet of Value
The traditional Internet is based on historical content, instead of creating new
value; the industry calls it the Internet of Information. The blockchain technology,
on the other hand, has evolved the Internet into a network infrastructure for building
social trust systems through the establishment of efficient and reliable value exchange
system, which will enable the Internet to generate new value and realize the efficient
exchange of value, the industry calls it the Internet of Value.
1.1.1 Blockchain Development
Blockchain technology is a comprehensive technology system based on distributed
systems, computer networks, cryptography, data structures and other research results
in various fields. The blockchain records and maintains data in multiple ways, assures
the data transmission and access security by applying cryptography, and the data is
stored in a chain structure and can only be read or written to ensure its consistency,
prevent tampering and cannot be denied. Blockchain technology represented by Bitcoin
and Ethereum implements peer-to-peer credit transactions between distributed
nodes by adding technologies such as data encryption, consensus mechanisms, timestamps,
and economic incentives. It has solved the problems of cumbersome and
inefficient transaction cycles, high costs and unsafe data storage, which have become
commonplace in traditional centralized systems, and became the nuclear technology
of the modern digital cryptocurrency system. This technology system enables information
consensus, sharing, and co-responsibility among all participants that can be
entirely ported to the underlying applications of most trust-based business models
and organizations.
Satoshi Nakamoto published the Bitcoin Design Paper Bitcoins: A Peer-to-Peer
Electronic Cash System in 2008, where he indicated to create a new decentralized
electronic payment system, which “based on cryptographic proof instead of trust,
allowing any two willing parties to transact directly with each other without the need
1
for a trusted third party [13]”. From then on the blockchain technology represented
by bitcoin began to be known to the world.
Blockchain technology is typically divided into two generations by industry and
academia：
• 1.0 Bitcoin — solves the problem of encrypting ledger and decentralized payments.
• 2.0 Ethereum — enriches the application value of blockchain technology. The
smart contracts used by Ethereum can use virtual machines and contract programming
to provide new ideas for the development of cryptocurrencies. At
the same time, a large number of DApps and ICO financial innovations came
into being, opening up new territory for financial markets.
As the first application of the blockchain, Bitcoin realized the mode of decentralized
cryptocurrency ledger system. Bitcoin relies on the completion of computational
tasks based on a particular algorithm and does not depend on any individual or organization,
thereby ensuring consistency with the distributed ledger system. Vitalik
Buterin applied the concept of smart contracts in his design of Ethereum [4], giving
us a common framework for blockchain with Turing completeness.
The application of blockchain technology establishes credible peer-to-peer transmission,
which provides us with a new social trust mechanism, both to support common
decision-making and protect individual rights and interests, both open transaction
information and protect node privacy. This mechanism enhances the efficiency of
the value exchange and reduces the cost, laying a new foundation for the development
of the digital economy. It marks the beginning of human society to evolve from the
Internet of Information and build a genuinely credible and efficient Internet of Value.
At the same time, the application of blockchain innovation is thriving, showing the
new direction of public service development and industrial innovation revolution.
1.1.2 DApp and Artificial Intelligence
DApp (Decentralized Application) is a kind of application that runs on the node
of the decentralized P2P network server. It mainly consists of front-end presenta2
tion layer, background server and smart contract. With the rapid development of
Ethereum, a few millions of DApps have emerged in all walks of life, and the Internet
of Value ecosystem is increasingly complete.
In recent years, many breakthroughs have been made in the field of artificial
intelligence, and a wave of research on its fanaticism has been set off on a global scale.
The research and application of artificial intelligence have now penetrated every gap in
human society. DApps also have no shortage of artificial intelligence figure. However,
the research on artificial intelligence requires strong computational power, which has
been promoted from the early stage of CPU computation to GPU computing. The
large-scale application deployment has higher requirements on hardware performance
and system concurrent processing.
Nebula AI blockchain, as a new generation of AI blockchain, is dedicated to solving
the computing power needs of human beings in the process of artificial intelligence,
expediting the inter-regional transfer of resources and writing integrated and decentralized
AI applications more conveniently, so as to realize a seamless integration of
blockchain micropayments, hyperledger, decentralized features, and AI applications
and achieve the transformation from DApp + AI to DAI App.
Nebula AI is committed to building a decentralized artificial intelligence computing
blockchain (NBAI) that reduces the energy costs of traditional Proof of Work
(PoW) by converting GPU mining machines into AI computing services. On the Nebula
AI blockchain, developers can design their own DAI Apps based on Nebula AI’s
generic programming interface, gaining access to NBAI Tokens revenue by publishing
free or paid Apps, or by the use of paid users. The AI transactions recorded on NBAI
will be irreversible. The distributed computing network also ensures high concurrency
and low latency computing power. The conversion of GPU mining machines makes
it possible to provide more cost-effective artificial intelligence services. Nebula AI
has established an artificial intelligence training centre in Canada and is dedicated
to disseminating the latest applications and knowledge in the AI industry and delivering
talents to society. Also, Nebula AI will cooperate with large-scale third-party
Internet data centers to provide computing power for AI computing. System-based
3
quantitative finance, image identification and other related blockchain applications
are also in development.
NBAI blockchain will inject fresh blood into the Internet of Value and provide
cost-effective basic services for global artificial intelligence development.
1.2 Market Prospects
The blockchain technology has achieved global application deployment; all countries
are closely watching the development of the blockchain, planning the application
of the blockchain. According to market research firm Gartner, blockchain-based businesses
will reach 100 billion U.S. dollars by 2020. In addition to the large-scale
application of the financial sector, the blockchain will create over one trillion value
in the manufacturing and supply chain industries. Klaus Schwab pointed out that
blockchain is the fourth industrial revolution after mechanization, electrification and
digitization. It is estimated that by 2025, 10% of the global GDP will use blockchain
technology for data storage [18]. Marketsand Markets forecasts that the average annual
growth of global blockchain applications and solution providers to improve business
operations will reach its peak between 2016 and 2021 [9]. The market prospect
of blockchain technology mainly lies in the social public services and economic models
optimization:
At the level of social public service, blockchain technology is penetrating into all
aspects of social security, intellectual property and public administration, and mainly
focuses on four areas: identity verification, forensic authentication, information sharing,
and transparent government. The British government released the report Distributed
ledger technology: Beyond Blockchain in 2016, for the first time from the
national level to explore the critical application of distributed ledger in government
affairs [21]. Subsequently, the United States set up a “Congressional Blockchain
Caucus” and the governments of Russia, Singapore, Dubai, Japan and China all accelerated
the social application of blockchain technology [15]. Under the influence
of the underlying philosophy of distributed consensus, transparent open source and
social collaboration of blockchain technology, the public service realizes an overall
4
change from data management process optimization to management thinking, helps
to increase public participation, reduce social operating costs and improve the quality
and efficiency of social management, which plays an important role in promoting the
level of social management and governance.
At the level of economic optimization, the core philosophy of the blockchain economy
lies in the reconstruction of business logic, creating a new pattern of finance
and economy in the future, not just a technological revolution [6]. As early as 2015,
the blockchain has become the highest-paid sector in U.S. venture capital. The current
global blockchain has more than 2,000 projects, the global value of crypto assets
reaches 90 billion US dollars. Blockchain has high application value regarding finance,
shared economy and Internet of Things, which has attracted the wide layout of business
groups such as Goldman Sachs, Citigroup, Nasdaq, Deloitte and Airbnb. User
groups in the fields of blockchain/crypto assets are also growing rapidly: from 2 million
users worldwide in early 2013 to 20 million in early 2017 [19]. In the blockchain
system, participants can trade without having to know each other’s basic information
so as to achieve “trustless trust” and change the third-party-based trust model in the
traditional mode, and the economic system can be out of the current system constraints
or endorsement by third parties, the two sides realize the delivery of value.
This kind of economy based on blockchain solutions can improve the existing business
rules, build a new industrial collaboration model and improve the efficiency of collaborative
logistics. Blockchain can provide systematic support for economic and social
transformation and upgrading [17]. The significant advantages are the optimization
of business processes, lower operating costs and synergy, and These advantages have
emerged in all areas of society, including financial services, supply chain management,
smart manufacturing, education and employment.
After 60 years of ups and downs, the artificial intelligence industry is finally recovering
with the rise of machine learning. Now it has formed a new round of development
in the world; countries have sounded the horn to explore the mysteries of
human wisdom. The scale of the global artificial intelligence market reached 168.39
billion in 2015. In 2016, the research and development of artificial intelligence in all
5
fields in the world have been strengthened and emphasized, the market scale of the
industry increased more than 190 billion [12]. According to the market demand, the
global market size of artificial intelligence is expected to reach 270 billion by 2018.
DApp will form the backbone of the value internet in the future. Artificial intelligence
will cover all application areas. Blockchain, as the infrastructure of the former
two, will undoubtedly become popular and will inevitably bring significant changes
to the traditional Internet, human society and the natural environment.
1.3 Existing Challenges
1. Highly Centralized
Google and Amazon have started to provide cloud services of artificial intelligence
computing. However, as single-commerce companies, they could cut off the service at
any time, given special circumstances, which are based on their own interests and the
pressure of governments and other organizations. For example, Google was banned
by the Chinese government, leaving Chinese users unable to utilize their services.
The blockchain is a new decentralized protocol that securely stores data information
through a distributed ledger (a type of database distributed across multiple
addresses, multiple regions, or multiple participants) [3]. The blockchain is based on
the architecture of ”decentralization”, and the rights and obligations of any nodes
are equal; the data blocks in the system are jointly maintained by all nodes, and
each node shares rights and obligations; verified by node distribution in the world,
to ensure that the information cannot be forged and tampered with; and technically
guarantee the transaction, without the need for a third-party structure to provide
a trust mechanism. Corporations use decentralized distributed ledger technology to
process, verify transactions, or other types of data exchange, and the records are
stored in the ledger. Once most participants agree, each record is given a time stamp
and a unique encrypted signature. The distributed ledger provides verifiable and auditable
information history, and all participants can view suspicious records [11]. This
technique guarantees that it is impossible to shut down the entire network as long as
more than one node is in operation. This makes it possible to design a decentralized
6
AI cloud service which cannot be blocked.
2. Data Privacy Security
Although centralized companies have various security agreements, it is still difficult
for companies to ensure data privacy when faced with internal leaks. Also,
when the government requests data, the centralized company is limited to geographical
restrictions of the host country, leaving the only option to cooperate with the
government and transfer ownership of the data. As a result, the user’s data security
cannot be 100% guaranteed.
Based on the cryptography technology, blockchain is a kind of low cost, high
security, customizable and encapsulation decentralized trust solution tool based on
encryption technology, which relies on the encryption algorithm, peer-to-peer transaction
and information stored in each node without trusting a single center [22]. Each
node is involved in maintaining the security and accuracy of the information by keeping
a copy of a complete set of historical databases. The peer-to-peer blockchain
encryption technology can be used to ensure that only the owner of the private key
can access specific information, while other users cannot decrypt data. This is of great
significance for a variety of high-value training data and models. The advantages of
blockchain in terms of data security are:
• Use highly redundant databases to ensure the integrity of the information.
• Verify data using cryptography-related principles to ensure that the data cannot
be tampered with.
• Use multiple private keys for access control.
3. Maintenance Costs
The maintenance of centralized computing center will cost heavily on workforce.
The use of blockchain micropayments makes it easier to pay for maintenance and allows
anyone to lend their computing power. The shared economy model dramatically
reduces maintenance workforce costs as well as reducing the computing costs.
4. Hash Calculation Efficiency
7
Currently Ethereum, Zcash and other GPU Proof of Work (PoW) consume a lot
of power and hash computing, the computing power of these GPUs can be used for
AI calculations, rather than simply being used as POW. A recent study shows that
Bitcoin mining has consumed more electricity than the average annual electricity
consumption of 159 countries this year. Such a high level of power consumption has
become a urgent problem to be solved. Digiconomist estimates that Bitcoin mining
consumes about 30.14 TWh annually, which is much higher than the average annual
electricity consumption of 25 TWh in Ireland [8]. In fact, a recent ING study by
ABN AMRO shows that a Bitcoin transaction consumes enough power for a full
month of household use. Digiconomist also found that the second most expensive
cryptocurrency, Ethereum, consumes more power than that of most countries [1].
5. Blockchain Application Development Environment
With the rapid growth of various applications (DApps) on the blockchain, a good
state of the ecosystem is at the heart of the user experience. This includes how
users can retrieve their expected DApps in massive blockchain applications, how
to motivate developers to provide more DApps to users, and how to help developers
develop better DApps faster. Take Ethereum as an example, there are tens
of thousands of DApps based on Ethereum. Imagine if the scale of DApps in the
blockchain world is close to that of the Apple App Store, how to discover and find
user’s expected DApps would be a serious problem. With the popularity of blockchain
technology, more and more application scenarios of blockchain technology have been
excavated. Blockchain technology scenarios have been gradually expanded from the
original cryptocurrency to more scenarios and user groups. For example, the community
represented by Ethereum introduced the concept of smart contracts in blockchain
technology, and Ripple used the blockchain technology to implement the real-time
gross settlement system. With the increasing diversity of application scenarios, user
demand for blockchain is also increasing, and we expect to face more challenges.
8
1.4 Project Objectives
In order to improve the status quo of the current centralized cloud computing,
we utilize the decentralization of blockchain technology to rent and distribute the
computing power of artificial intelligence machines globally. Blockchain encryption
technology efficiently avoids the problem of internal leakage and the maintenance of
distributed AI calculation units is handed over to the owners of various AI calculation
units, which considerably reduces the workload of maintenance. We split this overall
goal into the following sub-goals：
1. Shared AI Computing Platform
The shared AI computing device platform will address the unbalanced demand
between consumers and suppliers of AI devices. Suppliers of AI computing devices
cannot use 100% of their computing power, which leads to some computing resources
being idle. On the other hand, a large number of users who need the computing
power of artificial intelligence cannot obtain the economical and efficient AI computing
resources. Peer-to-peer payment in blockchain technology, as well as blockchain ledger
technology, enable shared AI computing to be paid and shared in the most convenient
way.
2. AI Physical Computing Units
A large number of GPU computing mining machines can be converted into AI
computing units, from simple hash calculation into more meaningful AI task calculation.
Due to the particularity of AI calculation, it is necessary to pre-install the
specified system and regularly update the client, including the ledger system, in order
to play hardware performance better and share AI computing power.
3. Decentralized AI Applications
Decentralized AI Applications system requires a corresponding interface for DAI
App programmers to invoke conveniently and use the platform’s computing power. It
includes the payment API, computing capacity estimation API and work estimation
API, etc., in order to speed up the development of AI applications.
9
4. Integrated IPFS Distributed Storage
Decentralized applications require distributed file storage systems to store data.
An option is the IPFS storage system to replace the traditional centralized cloud
storage or local file storage, in order to achieve better distributed storage.
InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) is a protocol and eponymous network designed
to create a content-addressable, peer-to-peer method of storing and sharing hypermedia
in a distributed file system. The nodes in the IPFS network will form a distributed
file system [2]. Most of the future IPFS will use cross-chain service. Please read the
section of Cross-chain Service Usage to know more about cross-chain technology.
5. AI Engineer Training Center
Nebula AI will establish a systematic artificial intelligence training center to provide
practical knowledge in the field of artificial intelligence. Engineers gradually
create and train artificial intelligence models in product design through system learning
and project operations. We are dedicated to disseminating the latest applications
and knowledge in the AI industry and developing and delivering outstanding AI talents.
Our mission is to fill the talent gap, give full play to the power of artificial
intelligence in business.
10
2 NBAI Ecosystem
Figure 1: NBAI Ecosystem
The NBAI ecosystem consists of two major components, the NBAI foundation
and the NBAI system. The NBAI foundation supports the development, operation,
and management of blockchain development platforms, AI joint labs, and engineer
training centers. NBAI system integrates the top-level applications such as DAI
App, scientific research and application, university education, and the bottom-level
of NBAI blockchain, Artificial Intelligence Mining Machine and Artificial Intelligence
Data Center.
11
Figure 2: NBAI Economic Model
Figure 2 indicates the economic model of NBAI ecosystem. Developers provide
users with DAI Apps, users pay for NBAI tokens or use Apps for free based on rules
set by the developers. Developers submit artificial intelligence tasks to NBAI and
pay for NBAI tokens based on NBAI’s estimated costs. Then NBAI will open the
tasks and miners are free to receive and handle the tasks from NBAI, they will get
the corresponding NBAI token as a reward after completing the tasks. Clients and
miners can trade NBAI tokens through the exchange, so as to achieve a complete set
of value-added economic systems.
2.1 NBAI
In NBAI system, there are a lot of deep training model (such as RNN, CNN and
LSTM) to be trained, requiring a large number of GPU computing to complete. In
order to solve this problem, we have to change the way of blockchain mining. Instead
of simply using Proof of Work (PoW) as the solution, we issue the token by PoW at
early stages and Proof of Group (PoG) in late period. Existing miners can perform
artificial intelligence algorithms calculation to obtain token rewards. In the early
days, Ethash was still used as a POW to ensure the stability of the block. However,
in the medium term, PoG will be enabled.
12
2.1.1 Helix (PoW)
At the same time as the white paper is released, an artificial intelligence public
blockchain loaded with smart contracts will be released. Therefore, the first phase of
the project will be implemented using an independent ether chain. The independent
ether chain has the following advantages:
• Less Traffic Delay.
• Customized Gas.
It helps to motivate miners to get profits through smart contracts instead of
relying on gas profits from smart contracts.
• Customized Difficulty.
It can increase the speed of generating the block, as well as adjust the speed of
token production.
According to varying computing abilities, each artificial intelligence node can obtain
the tasks in the task pool through smart contracts. Then, they calculate the
task, and obtain the token rewards after submitting the results. The hash of a smart
contract is recorded in the block to identify the address of the task. The contract
will set the task address, workload and work costs.
However, bitcoin has attracted most of the world’s computing power nowadays,
and other blockchain applications using the PoW consensus mechanism have found
it hard to get enough hash power to protect their own safety. Mining caused a lot of
waste of resources, which will inevitably lead to environmental destruction and energy
shortage, resulting in all human beings need to pay for it. It is difficult to shorten the
confirmation time of the block, and the cycle of reaching a consensus is longer, which
is no longer suitable for the popular business applications. Also, The PoW consensus
mechanism has no solution to the 51% attack yet [7]. Therefore, We think the NBAI
ecosystem needs to apply a new set of consensus mechanisms to address the potential
loopholes in PoW and the consensus mechanism to optimize NBAI.
13
2.1.2 Orion (PoG)
Due to the large training data of artificial intelligence, the time taken to acquire
data in the system becomes very crucial. The characteristic of cloud computing is the
closer the distance between nodes, the lower the cost of communication, and the higher
the corresponding computational efficiency. Based on this feature and the existing
issues of the PoW consensus mechanism, we will use a new consensus mechanism
— Proof of Group (PoG). In PoG we will use consensus systems and NBAI credit
mechanisms to ensure efficiency and security. The definitions are as follows:
1. Work Node and Ledger
A work node is a main artificial intelligence computing task execution node; its
main role is to perform artificial intelligence computing tasks.
In addition to the normal calculation, the ledger can also be responsible for managing
other nodes and performing ledger functions. When an AI task needs to be
executed distributedly, the ledger is responsible for allocating subtasks to all work
nodes in the area. The task results are then written into the IPFS. The completed
contract is finally submitted through the Byzantine consensus to the ledger for verification.
When a new work node joins the system, it will first broadcast the information
and search for nearby nodes.
• If it finds existing nodes within the response time (t),
then it choose to join the network of designated nodes to become one of the
worker.
• If there is no nodes response with time (t),
then it elects itself as a ledger.
2. How to Become a Ledger
Within a network, there are two ways for a work node to become a ledger:
• After the disappearance of the original ledger in the network , the node with
the highest credit automatically becomes the ledger.
14
• Assume there are n work nodes in the network, denoted as P. The survival
time of each node is denoted as t. If ∃pi
, The product of the sum of its response
time to all the other nodes in the network ∑n−1
i=1 T and its survival time is the
smallest, then this node becomes the ledger.
3. Virtual Working Group
Figure 3: Virtual Working Group
Several work nodes will be combined into a working group. The backup factor in
a working group is defined as the number of nodes that can simultaneously process
the ledger. Assuming a total sum of n nodes, the backup factor can be 1 
Komentar
Posting Komentar